ch7 ( Adverbs )

Chapter 7: Adverbs


What is Adverb ?

The word which qualifies/modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb is called an adverb.


An adverb qualifies/modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.


An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.


An adverb is a word that qualifies/modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb


वह शब्द जो किसी Verb, Adjective या दूसरे Adverb की विशेषता बतलाता है, Adverb कहलाता है।


Adverb वह शब्द है, जो किसी Verb, Adjective या दूसरे Adverb की विशेषता बताता हैं।

Example: slowly, carefully, beautifully, clearly, quickly, loudly, sadly, hardly, very, too, yesterday, today, soon, here, there, etc.


इनका प्रयोग वाक्य के माध्यम से देखें

The child runs slowly.

He is too old.

She writes beautiful.

They fought bravely.

Ram is very kind.

She walked very slowly.

उपरोक्त वाक्यों में slowly, too, beautifully, bravely, very, इत्यादि Adjectives हैं।


How many types of Adverb ?


There are ten types of Adverb.

1. Adverbs of Time (कालवाचक क्रियाविशेषण)

2. Adverbs of Frequency (आवृत्तिवाचक क्रियाविशेषण)

3. Adverbs of Manner (रीतिवाचक क्रियाविशेषण)

4. Adverbs of Place (स्थानवाचक क्रियाविशेषण)

5. Adverbs of Degree (परिमाणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण)

6. Interrogative Adverbs (प्रश्नवाचक क्रियाविशेषण)

7. Adverbs of Negation and Affirmation (नकारात्मक एवं स्वीकारात्मक क्रियाविशेषण)

8. Adverbs of Reason (कारणवाचक क्रियाविशेषण)

9. Relative Adverbs (संबंधवाचक क्रियाविशेषण)

10. Sentence Adverbs (वाक्य-ंबंधी क्रियाविशेषण)



(1.) Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time tell the time of an action.

Adverbs of time show the time of an action. They answer the question ‘when’.


Adverbs of Time से क्रिया संपादन होने के समय का बोध होता है क्रिया कब हुई, होती है या होगीका बोध होता है।


Example:

today (आज)  

now (अब)                           

late (देर से)

tommorow (आनेवाला कल)           

soon (जल्द)                         

then (तब)

yesterday (बीता हुआ कल)               

just (तत्क्षण)                        

ago (पहले)

immediately (तत्काल)                  

lately (हाल में)                     

before (पहले)

early (जल्दी)                                   

daily (दैनिक)                       

ever (कभी)

Never (कभी नहीं)                            

To-night (आज रात)             

shortly (कुछ ही देर में)

Already (पहले से)                           

formerly (पूर्व)                    

the next day (अगले दिन)


Note: Verb के साथ when (कब) question word लगाकर प्रश्न करने पर जो शब्द उत्तर के रूप में आता है, वह Arverb of Time कहलाता हैं जैसे


(a) He came yesterday.

Came when (कब आया) ?  ~  yesterday


(b) He will come soon.

Will come when (कब आएगा) ?  ~  soon


(2.) Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of Frequency tell how often or how frequently an action is done.


Adverbs of Frequency show how often/how many times or how frequently an action takes place. They answer the question ‘How often or How many times’.


Adverbs of Frequency से यह बोध होता है कि किसी कार्य का संपादनकितनी बारहुआ, होता है या होगा


Example:

never (कभी नहीं)                        

once (एक बार)               

seldom (कभी-ही)

always हमेशा)                            

twice (दोबारा)               

daily (प्रतिदिन)

regularly (नियमित रूप से)          

again (फिर)                  

occasionally (यदा-कदा)

again (फिर से)                            

often (प्रायः)                  

frequently (बार-बार)

rarely (कभी-कभार)                     

punctually (ठीक समय पर)


Note: क्रिया के साथ how often या how many times (कितनी बार) लगाकर प्रश्न करने पर जो शब्द उत्तर के रूप में आता हैं, वह Adverb of Frequency कहलाता है जैसे


(a) he came here twice.

Came how often (कितनी बार आया) ?  ~  twice


(b) I have always helped you.

Helped how often (कितनी बार मदद है) ?  ~  always


(3.) Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner tell how or in what manner an action is done.


Adverbs of Manner से बोध होता हैं कि क्रिया का संपादन किस ढंग से या कैसे होता है ?


Example:

slowly (धीरे-धीरे)                            

happily (खुशीपूर्वक)

badly (बुरे ढंग से)                            

quickly (तेजी से)

angrily (क्रोधपूर्वक)                       

beautifully (सुंदर ढंग से)

wisely (बुद्धिमानी से)                       

carefully (सावधानी से)

loudly (जोर से)                               

foolishly (मूर्खता से)

bravely (वीरता से)                          

fast (तेजी से)

clearly (स्पष्टतः)                              

well(अच्छी तरह से)

kindly (दयापूर्वक)                           

so (ऐसा)

hard (कड़ाई से)                              

thus (इस प्रकार)


Note: Verb के साथ how (कैसे) लगाकर प्रश्न करने पर जो शब्द उत्तर के रूप में आता हैं, वह Adverb of Manner कहलाता हैं जैसे


(a) She writes beautifully.

Writes how (कैसे लिखती हैं) ?  ~  beautifully


(b) He runs fast.

Runs how (कैसे दौड़ता है) ?  ~  fast


(4.) Adverbs of Place: Adverbs of place tell where or at what place an action is done.


Adverb of place indicate ‘where or at what place’ an action is performed.


Adverbs of Place से कार्य के संपादन के स्थान का बोध होता हैं। इससे पता चलता है कि कार्यकहा हुआ, हो रहा है या होगा


Example:

here (यहाँ)                               

inside (अंदर)                       

out (बाहर)

within (के अंदर)                     

there (वहाँ)                          

up (ऊपर)

outside (बाहर)                          

near (निकट)                         

below (नीचे)

everywhere (हर जगह)           

away (दूर)                           

down (नीचे)

far (दूर)                                    

backward (पिछड़ा)             

somewhere (कहीं-कहीं)

nowhere (कहीं भी नहीं)


Note: Verb के साथ where (कहाँ) लगाकर प्रश्न करने पर जो शब्द उत्तर के रूप में आता है, वह Adverb of Place कहलाता है जैसे


(a) Go there.

Go where (कहाँ जाओ) ?  ~  there


(b) I sale wait for you outside.

Wait where (कहाँ इंतजार करूँगा)?  ~  outside


(5.) Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree indicate the degree of intensity of an action or an adjective or an adverb.


Adverbs of Degree से यह बोध होता है कि किसी Action, Adjective या Adverb की तीव्रता किस हद तक या कितनी हैं।


Example:

exactly (ठीक-ीक)                  

very (बहुत)                     

totally (पूर्णतः)

hardly (मुश्किल से) ‌                 

much (बहुत)                   

quite (बिल्कुल)

almost (लगभग)                       

nearly (लगभग)               

too (ज्यादा)

entirely (पूर्णतया)                    

enough (काफी)               

fully (पूर्णतया)

most (अधिकांश)                       

rather (बहुत)‌‌


Note: Verb के साथ how much/to what degree/to what extent (कितना/कितनी) लगाकर प्रश्न करने पर जो शब्द उत्तर के रूप में आता है, वह Adverb of Degree कहलाता है जैसे

(a) Sita is very happy.

Happy how much (कितना खुश) ?  ~  very (बहुत)

(b) She hardly knows me.

Knows to what extent (कितनी जानती हैं) ?  ~  hardly (मुश्किल से, नहीं के बराबर)


(6.) Interrogative Adverbs: Interrogative adverbs are used for asking questions.


When, where, how, why, how long, how much, how often, how many, etc are called interrogative adverbs when they are used in asking questions.


When, where, how, why, how long, how much, how often, how many, इत्यादि का प्रयोग जब प्रश्न करने में किया जाता है तब इन्हें Introgative Adverbs कहते हैं


Example:

Where is Mukul ?

How do he fight ?

When will you go ?

How often do you drink ?


(7.) Adverbs of Negation and Affirmation: For an acceptable answer to a question, yes, surely, certainly, etc. are used. These are called adverbs of affirmation. Again, use no, not, never etc. for negative answers. These are called adverbs of negation.


किसी प्रश्न के स्वीकारात्मक जवाब के लिए yes, surely, certainly (निश्चित रूप से) इत्यादि का प्रयोग करते हैं इन्हें Adverbs of Affirmation कहते हैं पुनः, नकारात्मक जवाब के लिए no, not, never इत्यादि का प्रयोग करते हैं इन्हें Adverbs of Negation कहते हैं


Example:

I do not know him.

Surely you are wrong.


(8.) Adverbs of Reason: Adverbs of reason tell the reason of the action.

Adverb of Reason किसी कार्य के कारण को बताता है


Example: Therefore, hence, thus, so, etc.


इनका प्रयोग वाक्य के माध्यम से देखें

He, therefore, left school.

Hence, he is unable to appear at the examination.

Thus, she became angry.

Please, don’t look so angry.


(9.) Relative Adverbs: Relative Adverbs modify the verbs following them and at the same time join two sentences together.

Relative Adverbs अपने बाद आने वाले Verbs को modify करते हैं और साथ ही दो वाक्यों को एक साथ जोड़ते हैं।


Example: where, how, when, why, how long, how much, how many, etc.

Note: Relative Adverbs और Interrogative Adverbs दोनों के एक ही रूप है, लेकिन जहा Interrogative Adverbs का प्रयोग प्रश्न किए जाने में किया जाता है, वहीं Relative Adverbs का प्रयोग दो वाक्यों को जोड़ने में


This is the house where he lived.

Let me know when you will come.

I don’t know the reason why he left the palace..

Do you know how he will act.

I don’t know how much he has.


(10.) Sentence Adverbs: Sentence adverbs modify the whole sentence (or clause) and normally express the speaker’s opinion.


यह Adverb किसी संपूर्ण वाक्य को modify करता हैं, साथ-ही-साथ यह वक्ता के विचार या उसकी सोच को व्यक्त करता है


Example:

surely (निश्चय ही)                             

possibly (संभवतः)

fortunately (भाग्यवश)                   

clearly (स्पष्टतः)

undoubtedly (बिना शंका के)            

propably (संभवतः)

definitely (निश्चित रूप से)                

actually (वास्तव में)

decidedly (निश्चित रूप से)               

obviously (सुस्पष्टतः)

perhaps (शायद, संभव)                   

certainly (निश्चय ही)


इनका प्रयोग वाक्य माध्यम से देखें

She could do it, surely.

Surely you could pass the examination.

He is obviously intelligent.

Fortunately we escaped from the accident.

Mohan certainly works hard.

Decidedly Sachin was the best player.

He actually lives with his uncle.

Perhaps they have forgotten us.


Note: Sentence Adverb आवश्यकतानुसार वाक्य के शुरू, अंत या बीच में कहीं भी सकता हैं।

The End

❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀❀