ch32 ( Booklet 1 )

❀ Chapter 32:➾ Phrasal Verbs ❀

1. Verb, Verb Phrase और Phrasal Verb की बनावट पर विचार करें—

(a) Verb:→ Verb एक word का बना होता है, जैसे go, come, laugh, read, went, gone, goes, going, am, is, are, shall, will, etc.

(b) Verb Phrase:→ Verb Phrase दो या दो से अधिक Verbs से बना होता है जिसमें एक Main Verb होता है और अन्य Helping Verbs, जैसे is going, have eaten, has been taught, shall be reading, can be done, etc. Verb Phrase का संबंध Tense, Voice और Mood से होता है।

(c) Phrasal Verb:→ Phrasal Verb दो या तीन words से बना होता है। दो words वाला Pharasal Verb, Verb और Adverbial Particle या Verb और Preposition के combination से बना होता है। तीन words वाला Phrasal Verb, Verb + Adverbial Particle + Preposition combination से बना होता है, जैसे—

Verb + Adverbial Particle Combination:→ get out, work out, run out, sit down, turn down, write down, switch off, see off, come in, set in, get out, find out, go on, keep on, give away, etc.

Verb + Preposition Combination:→ eat into, believe in, belong to, consist of, live on, count on, send for, stand for, take after, etc.

Verb + Adverbial Particle + Preposition Combination:→ put up with, carry on with, go on with, run out of, come up against, look forward to, etc.

इस प्रकार हम संक्षेप में Phrasal Verb को Verb-Adverb/Preposition Combination या Verb-Adverb-Preposition Combination कह सकते हैं।

2. अधिकांश Pharasal Verb, Verb + Adverbial Particle से बने होते हैं। इसलिए आपके लिए यह जानना आवश्यक है कि Adverbial Particle क्या है—

(a) कुछ words ऐसे हैं जिनका प्रयोग कभी Preposition के रूप में होता है, तो कभी Adverb के रूप में, जैसे in, down, up, by. ऐसे words Adverbial Particles कहलाते हैं।‌ ये हैं— above, about, across, along, around, round, before, behind, by, down, forward, in, near, off, on, out, over, past, through, under, up, etc.

(b) कुछ Adverbs ऐसे हैं जो Verb के साथ जुड़कर Phrasal Verbs बनाते हैं लेकिन ये Adverbs किसी भी वाक्य में Preposition के रूप में प्रयुक्त नहीं होते। ऐसे Adverbs जैसे back, away भी Adverbial Particles कहलाते हैं।‌

❍ Note:→ कुछ words जैसे from, during सिर्फ Preposition के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं, Adverb के रूप में कभी नहीं। ऐसे Prepositions Adverbial Particles नहीं कहलाते हैं।

3. Phrasal Verb का Meaning:→ Phrasal Verb में प्रयुक्त शब्दों का अलग-अलग अर्थ नहीं होता। शब्द-समूह का सामूहिक रूप से अपना खास अर्थ होता है। यह खास अर्थ एक या एक से अधिक हो सकता है। जैसे—

look after           — देखभाल करना

give up                 — छोड़ना, त्यागना

see off                 — विदा करना

go through         — पूरा करना; सहना; परीक्षा करना; उड़ा देना

Meaning के दृष्टिकोण से Phrasal Verbs को तीन भागों में बाँटा जा सकता है—

(a) पहले भाग में हम वैसे Phrasal Verbs को रखेंगे जिनका अपना खास अर्थ तो होता ही है लेकिन वह खास अर्थ इनमें प्रयुक्त शब्दों के अलग-अलग अर्थ से एकदम भिन्न नहीं होता, जैसे— come in, care for, cut down, switch off, etc.

(b) दूसरे भाग में हम वैसे Phrasal Verbs को रखेंगे जिनका पहला भाग जो Verb होता है वह अपना अर्थ नहीं खोता है जबकि दूसरा भाग मात्र intensifier का काम करता है, जैसे wipe away, hury up, yell out, wash up, etc. हालाँकि ऐसे Phrasal Verb का भी अपना खास अर्थ होता है।

(c) तीसरे भाग में हम वैसे Phrasal Verbs को रखेंगे जिनका अर्थ उनके अपने component parts के अर्थ से बिल्कुल भिन्न होता है, जैसे look after (देखभाल करना), give up (छोड़ना, त्यागना), put up with (बर्दाश्त करना)। ऐसे Phrasal Verbs के meaning को आसानी से guess नहीं किया जा सकता। Meaning पहले से ज्ञात नहीं होने पर dictionary देखना आवश्यक हो जाता है।

4. Transitive and Intransitive Phrasal Verbs:→ Phrasal Verbs transitive या intransitive होते हैं। ‌जैसे—

look after (tr)           — The old man looked after the baby.

look out (intr)          — Look out! There is a lorry coming.

blow out (tr)              — The wind blew out the candle.

come in (intr)           — He asked me to come in.

कुछ Phrasal Verbs के एक से अधिक अर्थ होते हैं। और यह संभव है कि एक या कुछ अर्थों में ये transitive हों और अन्य में intransitive, जैसे—

take off (हटाना) tr — He took off his hat.

take off (उड़ जाना) intr — The plane took off at 9 o’clock.

5. Separable and Non-separable Phrasal Verbs:→ Transitive Phrasal Verbs दो type के होते हैं— Separable और Non-separable. Separable Phrasal Verbs वे हैं जिनके component parts को पृथक किया जा सकता है और उनके बीच कोई object घुसाया जा सकता है। Non-separable Phrasal Verbs वे हैं जिनके component parts को पृथक नहीं किया जा सकता है। जैसे—

Separable Phrasal Verbs:→

(a) He took off his coat.

or, He took his coat off.

(b) He picked up his pen from the floor.

or, He picked his pen up from the floor.

(c) The wind blew out the candle.

or, The wind blew the candle out.

Non-separable Phrasal Verbs:→

(a) The old man looked after the baby.

(not, the old man looked the baby after.)

(b) The cow lives on grass.

(not, the cow lives grass on.)

❍ Note:→ ऊपर आपने देखा कि Separable Phrasal Verbs के object या तो Main Verb के बाद आते हैं या Pharasal Verbs के अंत में। दोनों positions में से कोई भी position ले सकते हैं। लेकिन अगर Separable Phrasal Verbs का object कोई Pronoun (me/you/him/her/us/it/them) हो, तो अभीष्ट Pronoun, Main Verb के बाद आएगा, Pharasal Verbs के Particles के बाद नहीं, जैसे—

The wind blew it out. (not, the wind blew out it.)

He look it off. (not, he took off it.)

I must pay him back. (not, I must pay back him.)

6. Pharasal Verbs and Idioms:→ सभी Phrasal Verbs Idioms हैं लेकिन सभी Idioms Phrasal Verbs नहीं है। Phrasal Verbs के component parts सिर्फ, Verb, Adverbial Particle और Preposition हो सकते हैं, जबकि Idioms के component parts कोई भी Part of Speech हो सकते हैं। इसलिए get rid of, live and let live, make up one’s mind जैसे expressions को Idioms कहेंगे Phrasal Verbs नहीं।

7. किसी वाक्य में प्रयुक्त कोई combination Phrasal Verb हो सकता है और वही combination दूसरे वाक्य में Phrasal Verb नहीं भी हो सकता है। इसे समझने के लिए इन वाक्य में प्रयुक्त शब्द-समूह ‘go through’ पर विचार करें—

(a) Go through this gate, and you will see the house on your left. ~ इस वाक्य में प्रयुक्त शब्द-समूह go through Phrasal Verb नहीं है। वाक्य में go और through का अलग-अलग शाब्दिक अर्थ है।

(b) I have to go through the accounts to see where the mistake is. ~ इस वाक्य में go through का प्रयोग Phrasal Verb के रूप में हुआ है। यहाँ go का अर्थ ‘जाना’ और through का अर्थ ‘से होकर’ या ‘के पार’ नहीं है। go through का सामूहिक रूप से खास अर्थ है— examine carefully.

अब हम कुछ Phrasal Verbs पर विचार करेंगे। यहाँ आपको यह जानना जरूरी नहीं है कि Verb के बाद Preposition प्रयुक्त हुआ है या Adverb; आपको सिर्फ Phrasal Verbs के अर्थ और इनके प्रयोग को समझना है।

1. account for— to explain the cause of, का कारण बताना

His illness accounts for his absence.

2. ask for (something)— to demand, की माँग करना/के लिए अनुरोध करना

The workers asked for more pay and shorter hours.

3. ask for (somebody)— to say that one wants to see or speak to somebody, मिलने या बात करने के लिए संवाद देना।

Go to the office and ask for my secretary.

4. back out— to withdraw from an agreement or a promise, मुकर जाना

You promised me to help, now you can’t back out.

5. back up— to support, का समर्थन करना

I shall back up my friend’s claim.

6. bear out— to support somebody, to confirm something, सही ठहराना, साबित करना

Have you a witness to bear out what you say ?

They will bear me out in court.

7. bear with— to tolerate patiently, धीरज से सहना, बर्दाश्त करना

You must bear with her a few days more.

8. blow out— to extinguish by blowing, फूँककर बुझाना

When the door opened, the wind blew out the candle.

9. blow up— to explode, फुट पड़ना, उड़ा देना

Suddenly the bomb blew up.

They blew up the building/bridge/car.

The commander ordered the army to blow up the bridge.

10. boil over— to boil and flow over the side of a container, उफन पड़ना

The milk is boiling over now.

11. break down— to fail, to stop, to cease to function, रुक जाना, खराब हो जाना

The car suddenly broke down while passing through the forest.

The telephone has broken down.

He broke down in the middle of his speech.

12. break in (intransitive), break into (transitive)— to enter by force, बलपूर्वक (तोड़कर) भीतर घुस जाना

Some thieves broke in and stole all the costly articles.

The house was broken into last week when the owner was on holiday.

13. break out— (of bad or violent events) to start suddenly, बुरी या अशुभ घटना का आरंभ होना

The fire broke out at midnight.

The war broke out in 1940.

Cholera has broken out everywhere in the district.

14. break up— to end, to disperse, समाप्त होना, तितर-बितर हो जाना

The meeting broke up at 9 o’clock.

15. break with— to end a relationship with somebody, संबंध-विच्छेद करना

He broke with his girlfriend.

16. bring forth— to produce something, उत्पन्न करना

Trees bring forth fruit.

Drinking brings forth misery.

17. bring up— to raise, to rear or educate, पालन-पोषण करना, पढ़ाना-लिखाना

My parents died when I was a little child and I was brought up by my father’s friend.

She brought up the orphan as her own child.

18. bring out— to cause something to appear or open, to publish, प्रकट या प्रकाशित करना

We are soon bringing out a political magazine.

19. bring down— to cause to fall, to lower, गिराना, कम करना

No government has been able to bring down the prices of commodities.

20. bring about— to cause something to happen, उत्पन्न करना

His theory brought about a revolution in the field of computers.

21. bring in— to introduce a new law, कोई नया नियम लाना

The government is bringing in a new law.

22. bring round— to cause somebody to resign consciousness, होश में लाना

The injection soon brought the patient round.

23. burn down— to destroy or to be destroyed by fire

To mob burnt down the railway station.

24. call in— किसी को उसकी सेवा लेने के लिए बुलवाना

Please call in a doctor immediately.

25. call off— to cancel, to withdraw, to order to stop, समाप्त करना, वापस लेना

The strike will be called off tomorrow.

The match was called off because of bad weather.

26. call up— to recall, याद करना

After the accident he was not able to call up past events.

27. call for— to require, to demand, to need, माँग करना, आवश्यकता होना

The situation calls for prompt action to be taken.

The teacher called for an explanation of my absence.

28. call on/upon— to formally invite or ask somebody to speak, etc.

I now call upon the chairman to address the meeting.

29. call out— बुलाना, to summon

When that situation was out of control, the army was called out.

30. care for— to like or love somebody or something, to look after, पसंद करना, चाहना, देख-भाल करना

He does not care for his wife.

He cared for her more than she realized.

She cares for her deeply.

He moved back home to care for his elderly parents.

Who will care for the little child if its mother dies ?

31. carry out— to execute, to fulfil, to obey, पूरा करना आज्ञा/आदेश का पालन करना

He agreed to carry out my orders.

I have to carry out the orders of my master.

32. carry off— to win, पुरस्कार जीतना

He carried off many prizes last year.

33. carry on— to continue (usually work on duty)

I am fed up with this business; I can’t carry on any longer.

34. carry on with— to continue

The doctor told me to carry on whith the treatment.

35. catch on— to become popular, लोकप्रिय हो जाना

He invented a new game, but it never really caught on.

36. catch up with— to overtake but not pass, दूसरे के बराबर होना

You are the weakest boy in the class; you must labour hard to catch up with other students.

37. clear up— to make tidy and clean, ठीक करना

Please clear up the table before you leave.

38. clear away— to remove something because it is not wanted or needed, or in order to leave a clear space.

When the clouds cleared away the stars became quite visible.

39. clear off— to go or run away

As soon as he saw the police he cleared off.

You have no right to be here. Clear off!

40. come across— to find by chance, संयोग से मिलना

When I was looking for my purse I came across these old photographs.

While going to market I came across an old friend of mine.

41. come out— to be published, to be exposed, प्रकाशित होना, प्रकट होना

My new book will come out soon.

At last, the truth came out.

42. come up— to begin to grow

In spring weeds come up everywhere.

43. come about— to happen, होना, घटित होना

Nobody knows how the accident came about.

44. come down— to become lower, to fall, कम होना, नीचे उतरना

The price of nothing is to come down.

45. come off— to take place, होना

When is the wedding coming off ?

46. come on— to come with me. ‘Come on’ is often said to someone who is hesitating or delaying.

Come on, we’ll be late for the show.

47. count on— to rely on, भरोसा करना

I count on your help.

48. cry down— to depreciate, तुच्छ समझना, शिकायत करना

You must not cry down her real achievements.

49. cry up— to extol, प्रशंसा करना

He was cried up by his friends.

50. cut down— to reduce, कम करना

Cut down your expenses or you will be getting into debt.

51. cut off— to disconnect, to remove

If you don’t pay the bill on time your electric supply will be cut off.

He cut off a meter of cloth from the roll.

52. deal in— to sell something, to trade in something, का व्यापार करना

He deals in sugar.

53. deal with— to behave towards somebody, व्यवहार करना

How would you deal with an angry man ?

54. dispose of— समाप्त करना, निपटाना, बेचना

He is engaged in disposing of all the files.

Why don’t you dispose of your old car ?

55. do away with— to abolish, समाप्त करना

We must try to do away with bad customs.

56. do without— to manage in the absence of somebody or something, के बिना काम चलाना

You may go. I’ll do without you.

Nowadays we can’t do without telephone.

57. die out— to become extinct, no longer be common, लुप्त हो जाना, अप्रचलित हो जाना

Some old customs are dying out.

58. draw back— to retire, to recoil, पीछे हटना, से अलग हो जाना

It is not wise to draw back now; so much has been invested in this scheme.

59. draw up— to make a written plan or agreement, तैयार करना

If we want to work together we must draw up an agreement.

60. drop in— to pay a short unannounced visit, बिना पूर्व सूचना के थोड़ी देर के लिए कहीं जाना

He occasionally dropped in to ask if I had any problem.

61. drop out— to withdraw, to stop attending, tu retire from a scheme or plan, छोड़ देना, बंद कर देना

He joined the coaching but after a few days he dropped out.

62. eat into— to consume something, to destroy as if by eating; to dissolve; नष्ट करना, खा जाना

Rust has eaten into these iron rods.

Acid eats into metal.

63. fall off— to decrease, घट जाना, कम हो जाना

The number of students has fallen off.

64. fall out— to quarrel, झगड़ा करना

I don’t know why they fell out.

65. fall through— to fail, असफल होना

The scheme has fallen through for want of support.

66. fall back— to recreat, to withdraw, पीछे हटना

At last, the enemies had to fall back.

67. fall on— to attack violently, आक्रमण करना

A number of robbers fell on the villagers and robbed everything they got.

68. fill in— to add what is necessary to make something complete, पूरा करना

Many of the applicants did not know even how to fill in the application form.

69. find out— पता लगाना, खोजना

Nobody could find out what was wrong with it.

70. get up— to rise, उठना, जगना

I get up at 5 o’clock every morning.

71. get out— to be out

The teacher ordered the student to get out of the class.

72. get through— to complete, पूरा करना, सफल होना

He failed but his sister got through.

73. get on— to make progress, तरक्की करना

How is your son getting on at a school ?

Is he getting on very well with his English ?

74. get in— to arrive, पहुँचना

The train got in an hour late.

75. get back— to return, to recover possession of, लौटना, पुनः प्राप्त करना

I shall get back tomorrow.

I did not get back the money he had taken from me.

76. get away— भाग जाना, निकलने का मौका पाना

Some of the prisoners got away from jail.

I shall not be able to get away from the office before 4 o’clock.

77. get into— to become involved with something.

He got into trouble with the police.

78. give up— to stop, to leave, to surrender, बंद करना, छोड़ देना, त्याग देना, समर्पण करना

Give up your bad habits.

He has given up smoking.

At last, the robber decided to give himself up to the police.

79. give away— बाँटना, देना

The prizes were given away by the chairman.

The bride was given away by her father.

80. give back— to return something to its owner, लौटाना

I think he will never give me book back.

81. give in— to yield, to cease to resist, झुकना, दब जाना, हार मानना

She is too much stubborn; she will never give in.

The rebels were forced to give in.

82. go ahead— to proceed, to continue, कार्य जारी रखना

Go ahead with patience; you will get the result.

83. go away— tu leave a place, to disappear

I am going away for a few days.

84. go back— to return

I have to go back to my country next week.

85. go down— to become less, कम हो जाना

The price of sugar has gone down.

86. go up— to rise, ऊपर उठना, बढ़ना

The prices of everything are going up.

87. go off— to be fired, to explode, छुटना, फूटना

When he was clearing the gun, it went off by mistake.

88. go out— to be extinguished, रोशनी बुझ जाना

When the light went out, it was quite dark everywhere.

89. go on— to continue any action, जारी रखना

Please go on singing, it is so sweet.

90. go into— to investigate throughly, गंभीरता से जाँच करना

I can say nothing unless I go into the matter.

91. go through— to examine carefully and thoroughly, सावधानीपूर्वक विस्तार से जाँच करना

There is a mistake somewhere; we must go through the accounts to see where it is.

92. grow up— to become adult

She is growing up fast.

93. hold on— to wait or stop (especially on the telephone)

Yes, Mr Sinha is in. If you hold on for a moment, I’ll get him for you.

94. hold up— रोकना, बाधा डालना, लूटना

We were held up by a few masked men.

His payment was held up.

95. keep back— to restrain, to hinder, to conceal, to prevent from moving, रोकना, छिपाना, आगे न बढ़ने देना

Poverty  has kept him back.

I shall keep back nothing from you.

She tried to keep back her tears but it was in vain.

96. keep on— to continue, जारी रखना

She kept on weeping for hours.

97. keep off— से दूर या वंचित रहना

Keep off drugs; it is more than a position.

98. keep under— to oppress, to control, दबा लेना, नियंत्रण में रखना

The local people are kept under by the army.

99. keep out— बाहर रखना, अंदर न आने देना

Honesty keeps out fears.

100. knock off— to stop doing something, बंद कर देना

Labourers usually knock off at 5.30 or 6.00 p.m.

101. knock down— ठोकर मारकर गिराना

He was knocked down by a car.

102. knock out— पछाड़ देना, अचेत कर गिरा देना, to hit someone so hard that he falls unconscious

He knocked out his opponent in the boxing.

103. leave off— to stop doing something, बंद कर देना

When are you going to leave off the work ?

104. leave out— to omit, not to include or mention, छोड़ देना

This poem will give no meaning if we leave out the first four lines.

105. let down— to lower something, to disappoint somebody buy not helping him, उतार देना, नीचे गिरने देना, निराश करना

When she let her hair down it reached her waist.

He promised to help me, but when the time came he let me down.

106. let in— to allowed to enter, भीतर आने देना

If you don’t have a ticket, they will not let you in.

107. let off— to refrain from punishing severely, बिना कड़ी सजा दिए छोड़ देना

Criminals must not be let off.

She was let off with a warning.

108. let out— to allowe to leave, to release, बाहर जाने देना, छोड़ देना

She opened the window and let the cat out.

109. live on— किसी खास भोजन पर जिंदा रहना

The cow lives on grass.

110. look after— to take care of, देखभाल करना

There is no one to look after the orphan.

Who will look after the old man when his wife dies ?

111. look forward to— to except with pleasure, उत्सुकता से प्रतीक्षा करना

I am really looking forward to seeing you again.

112. look for— to hope for something, to except something.

We shall be looking for an improvement in this scheme.

113. look down on— तुच्छ समझना, तिरस्कार करना, to contempt or despise somebody/something

The rich have got no right to look down on the poor.

He was looked down on because of his poor clothing.

114. look into— to investigate or examine, जाँच-पड़ताल करना

A team of experts has been set up to look into the problem.

115. look on— to regard or consider, मानना, समझना

I have always looked on you as my father.

I look on him as my brother.

116. look in— to pay a short visit to a place

I am looking in this evening to see if she is quite well.

117. look out— to be watchful

Look out! There is a snake creeping.

118. look out for— किसी की ताक या खोज में रहना

I’ll look out for you at the conference.

119. look up— खोजना, पता लगाना

Have you looked up the word ‘environment’ in a dictionary ?

120. make out— to understand, to discover the meaning of, समझना, अर्थ लगाना

I can’t make out the meaning of this passage.

I cannot make out what the child is crying for.

121. make off— to run away

The chief made off when he saw the police.

122. make over— to legally give something to somebody

He made over his whole property to his daughter.

123. make after— to chase or pursue, पीछा करना

The police made after the rubber.

124. make up— to use cosmetics

Most women make up their faces.

125. pick out— to choose, to select, चुनना

Here are six items. Pick out the one you like most.

126. pick up— to improve, to take hold of and lift sb/sth

Unless you go to a hill station, your health will not pick up.

Who will not pick up the child crying alone on the ground ?

127. point out— to indicate, to show, दिखाना, निर्देशित करना

At last, it was pointed out of where the mistake was.

128. pull down— to demolish, to destroy, ढाहना, नष्ट करना

It is easier to pull down than to build up.

129. put on— पहनना, दिखाना

My teacher always puts on simple dress.

An advocate puts on a black coat.

He put on an air of dignity.

130. put on— मोमबत्ती, बिजली आदि को जलाना

Please put on the light, I have to read.

131. put out— मोमबत्ती, बिजली आदि को बुझाना

Put out the light when you go to bed.

132. put down— to write down

Put down my telephone number before you forget it.

133. put up with— to bear patiently, धैर्यपूर्वक बर्दाश्त करना या सहना

Who can put up with such an insult ?

134. ring up— टेलीफोन करना

If you can’t come, ring up and let me know what I should do.

As soon as he saw the thief he rang up the police.

135. ring off— to end a telephone call by putting down the receiver.

He rang off before I could ask who he was.

136. run after— to pursue, के पीछे पड़ा रहना, का पीछा करना

The dog runs after the cat.

He always runs after wealth.

137. run away— to flee, भाग जाना

As soon as the police came, the thief ran away.

138. run down— to stop functioning, to lesson, to speak against, बंद हो जाना, कमजोर हो जाना, निंदा करना

The battery has run down.

She is always running down her neighbours.

139. run out— समाप्त हो जाना, क्रिकेट में रन आउट हो जाना

I have run out of money.

My passport has run out.

The petrol is running out.

The player was run out.

140. run over— to overflow, ऊपर से बहना, कुचल देना

The river is running over.

The cat was run over by a car.

141. see about— to deal with something

They needn’t worry. I will see about the management myself.

142. see off— विदा करना

We all went to the railway station to see her off.

143. see through— किसी चाल को भाँप जाना, to understand the trick

She can’t cheat me. I have seen through her love.

144. see to— to deal with something, का इंतजाम करना, की देख-रेख करना, ध्यान रखना

Who will see to the party in her absence ?

Don’t worry— I’ll see to it.

145. send for— बुलावा भेजना, मँगाना

We don’t have so much time; send for a taxi.

Send for a doctor quickly.

146. set apart— to make somebody/something different from others (औरों से अलग करना या रखना)

Reeta’s style sets her apart from her sisters.

147. set aside— to cancel or reject, रद्द करना

His appeal was set aside by the High Court.

148. set down— लिख देना, to write something down

What made you set her address down on the paper ?

149. set forth— to make something known, to declare, बताना, स्पष्ट करना

He set forth his views on the subject.

150. set in— to begin, शुरू होना

The winter season sets in November every year.

151. set off/set out/set forth— to start a journey

He set out early in the morning.

152. set on— आक्रमण करना या आक्रमण के लिए उकसाना, to attack or cause, to attack

How were you set on by the dog ?

He threatened to set his dog on me.

153. set up— to achieve, to establish, to start a new business

Sachin Tendulkar has set up many records in the world of cricket.

He has set up a number of institutions.

He has set up himself as a painter.

He is trying to set up on his own.

154. settle down— किसी काम या परिवेश में अपने-आपको व्यवस्थित एवं स्थित कर लेना

You must settle down before you marry.

155. shout down— to make a loud noise to prevent a speaker from being heard, हो-हल्ला करके किसी को बोलने नहीं देना

The angry crowd shouted down the speaker.

156. show off— to display purely in order to impress others, दिखाना, प्रदर्शन करना

He is always picking up heavy things just to show off his strength.

157. stand by someone— to support or help somebody, किसी को समर्थन देना या मदद करना

I will stand by him whatever happens.

158. stand for— to represent, का प्रतीक होना

What does P stand for in this equation ?

159. switch off/on— to turn a light, machine, etc off/on by pressing a button or switch.

Please switch off the light before you go to bed.

Switch on the light. I have to read.

160. stand out— to be easily seen, to be conspicuous, स्पष्ट या विशिष्ट रूप से दिखाई देना

He stood out from the crowd because of his height and hat.

161. take after— to resemble (one’s parents/grandparants) in appearance or character, देखने या चरित्र में समान होना

She takes after her mother.

None of his sons takes after him.

162. take back— to withraw, वापस लेना

I had to take back my remarks to please her.

163. take down— to write usually from dictation, लिख लेना

The reporters took down the leader’s speech.

164. take off— to remove, to leave the ground (of aeroplanes, helicopters, etc)

He took off his coat when he entered the house.

The aeroplane took off despite the fog.

The plane will take off soon.

165. take on— to undertake something, साथ में लेना

I cannot take on this responsibility.

166. take over— कार्य संभालना, पदभार ग्रहण करना

Mr John will take over as managing director when Mr Hardy retires.

167. take to something/doing something— to bring to do something as a habit, कोई कार्य आदत के रूप में शुरू करना

He has taken to drinking.

I have taken to walking up very early.

He took to borrowing money from his friends.

168. take up— to begin or start something, especially a job

He has taken up a job as a teacher.

169. think over— to consider, गंभीरता से विचार करना

Please think over what I have said.

170. think of— याद करना, पर सोचना

What made you think of this ?

171. turn down— to refuse, to reject an offer/application/applicant, अस्वीकार करना

I applied for the job but they turned down my application.

172. turn against— to become unfriendly or hostile towards somebody, के विरुद्ध हो जाना

He turned against his old friends.

173. turn into— I convert into, में बदल देना

I am going to turn my garage into a guest room

174. turn on— चलाना

Turn on the gas and light the oven.

175. turn off— बंद करना

The water is flowing over. Turn off the water tap.

176. turn out— to produce, उत्पन्न करना, साबित होना, बाद में पता चलना

The factory turns out 400 cars a day.

He turned out to be the son of my old friend.

The job turned out to be harder than we thought.

177. turn up— to make one’s appearance, to arrive, पहुँचना, होना

We arranged to meet at the cinema, but she did not turn up.

178. wait on— to attend, to serve, सेवा या देखभाल करना

He expected his wife to wait on him hand and foot.

179. wipe out— to destroy completely, बर्बाद या सर्वनाश करना

The flood wiped out the whole village.

Several villages were wiped out in the bombing raids.

180. work out— हल करना, तैयार करना

Can you work out this coded message ?

The commander worked out a new plan of attack.

The End

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