ch24 ( Changing into Negative )

❀ Chapter 24:➾ Changing into Negative ❀

हिन्दी में जिस वाक्य में ‘नहीं’ लगा रहता है उसे नकरात्मक वाक्य (Negative Sentence) कहते हैं। जैसे— मैं नहीं लिखूँगा। वह नहीं बोलेगा। इसी प्रकार जिस वाक्य का अर्थ ‘हाँ’ रहे उसे स्वीकारात्मक वाक्य (Affirmative Sentence) कहते हैं। जैसे— मैं लिखूँगा। वह बोलेगा। Affirmative Sentence को Negative बनाने के लिए कुछ प्रमुख नियम इस प्रकार है—

1. The Negative Sentence is generally made by placing the adverb ‘not’ after the auxiliary verbs. अंग्रेजी में चौबीस Auxiliaries हैं। वे हैं— is, are, am, was, were, has, had, do, does, did, shall, will, can, could, may, might, should, would, ought, must, dare, need, used. इनके बाद प्रायः Not लगाकर Sentence को Negative बनाते हैं। जैसे—

Affirmative	Negative
I am ready.	I am not ready.
We are students	We are not students.
He will come.	He will not come.
You should go	You should not go.
She was playing.	She was not playing.
We shall be walking.	We shall not be walking.
I have been reading.	I have not been reading.
Ram is busy.	Ram is not busy.
I am happy.	I am not happy.
They are intelligent.	They are not intelligent
Manish may come.	Manish may not come.

✺ ध्यान दें→ Dare or Need का प्रयोग Affirmative Sense में नहीं होता है। इनका प्रयोग Negative, Interrogative और Negative-Interrogative Sentences में होता है। इनका प्रयोग Main Verb के रूप में भी प्रयोग किया जाता है।

2. Have, Has तथा Had के बाद कहीं ‘not’ लगता है तो कहीं ‘no’। अतः इस संबंध में हमें विशेष ध्यान देने की आवश्यकता हैं।

(a) जब Have/Has/Had के बाद Verb, Article, Infinitive, संख्यासूचक शब्द (one, two, many, any, several etc.) या परिमाणसूचक शब्द (much, a lot of, lots of, a good deal of, plenty of, any, etc) शब्द रहे तो Have/Has/Had के बाद Not का प्रयोग करने से Negative Sentence बनता है। जैसे—

Affirmative	Negative
I have eaten.	I have not eaten.
You had slept.	You had not slept.
I have a cow.	I have not a cow.
I have an orange.	I have not an orange.
We have two cars.	We have not two cars.
They have many pens.	They have not many pens.
You have much milk.	You have not much milk.
Mohan has gone.	Mohan has not gone.
Rahul had a computer.	Rahul had not a computer.
I have a TV set.	I have not a TV Set.
He had a good deal of wealth.	He had not a good deal of wealth.
They have much money.	They have not much money.

(b) जब Have/Has/Had के तुरंत बाद Noun या Adjective of Quality (good, bad, red, sweet, etc.) रहे, तब इसके बाद No का प्रयोग करने से Negative Sentence बनता है। जैसे—

Affirmative	Negative
She has ink.	She has no ink.
She has black ink.	She has no black ink.
They had cows.	They had no cows.
I have new pens.	I have no new pens.
Ankit has sweets.	Ankit has no sweets.
I have blue pens.	I have no blue pens.
They had horses.	They had no horses.
She had red flowers.	She had no red flowers.
He has sugar.	He has no sugar.

3. Present Indefinite Tense में Lexical Verbs (Ordinary Verbs) यानी की eat, go, laugh, etc. के पहले Do not/Does not का प्रयोग करने से Negative Sentence बनता है। यदि Ordinary Verbs में पहले से ‘s’ या ‘es’ लगा रहता है तो वह ‘s’ या ‘es’ हट जाता है और उन Verbs के पहले Does not लगता है। यदि Verbs बिना ‘s’ या ‘es’ के हों, तो उनके पहले Do not का प्रयोग होता है। इसे नीचे दिए गए Structure से समझें।

I/We/You/They/Plural Noun + do not + V¹

He/She/It/Singular Noun + does not + V¹

Affirmative	Negative
I read.	I do not read.
He reads.	He does not reads.
The cow eats.	The cow does not eats.
The cows eat.	The cows do not eat.
Ram plays.	Ram does not plays.
I write.	I do not write.
We read.	We do not read.
They sing.	They do not sing.
Birds fly.	Birds do not fly.
He sleeps.	He does not sleeps.
The horse runs.	The horse does not runs.
Mohan drinks.	Mohan does not drinks.
Go away.	Don’t Go away.
Stay over here. (यहाँ ठहरें)	Don’t stay over here.

❍ Note:→ do not/does not लगाने के बाद V¹ का ही प्रयोग होता है, अर्थात् main verb में -s/es नहीं जुड़ता है।

4. जब वाक्य में Ordinary Verbs का Past Tense अर्थात् wrote, went, ate, slept, etc. का प्रयोग हो तब Did not का प्रयोग कर Negative Sentence बनता है। इस परिस्थिति में Verbs के V² form को V¹ में बदल देते हैं। जैसे—

✺ ध्यान दें→ Do not/Does not/Did not के बाद हमेशा V¹ का ही प्रयोग होता है।

Affirmative	Negative
Subject + V²	Subject + did not + V¹
I went	I did not go.
He laughed.	He did not laugh.
They did it.	They did not do it.
The teacher taught us.	The teacher did not teach us.
He wrote.	He did not write.
I went.	I did not go.
They ate.	They did not eat.
Sita slept.	Sita did not sleep.
The students came.	The students did not come.

The End

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