ch18 ( The Clause and the Complex Sentence )
❀ Chapter 18:➾ The Clause ❀
✺ What is the Clause ?
✤ A clause is a group of
words which forms part of a sentence and contains is a subject and a finite
verb of its own.
✤ Clause (उपवाक्य) वैसे शब्द-समूह को कहा जाता हैं, जो किसी वाक्य का अंश हो और जिसमें एक Subject और एक Finite Verb हो।
❍ अब इन वाक्यों में निहित clauses को देखें—
(a) You will pass if you work hard.
You will pass
If you work hard
(b) If he comes to me I shall help him.
If he comes to me
I shall help him
(c) He I was absent because he was ill.
He was absent
Because he was ill
(d) She wept when she heard the news.
She wept
When she heard the news
(e) The book that is on the table is mine.
The book is mine
That is on the table
(f) Tell me why you did this.
(You) tell me
Why you did this
(g) He is better than Ram.
He is better
Than Ram (is)
(h) He lifted the gun, took aim and fired.
He lifted the gun
He took aim
He fired
(i) He was playing and she was dancing.
He was playing.
She was dancing
(j) He writes as fast as possible.
He writes
As fast as (it is) possible
(k) Though badly defeated, he did not leave the
field.
Though (he was) badly defeated
He did not leave the field
(l) He as well as I is not blame.
He is to blame
I am to blame
(m) He came and gave me the book.
He came
He gave me the book
❍ Note:→ ऊपर दिए गए उदाहरण
से स्पष्ट है कि किसी-किसी Clause का
Subject या
Verb या दोनों understood भी रह सकता है।
✺ How many types of the clause ?
✤ There are two types of the
clause.
(a) Principal Clause/Main Clause/Independent Clause
(b) Subordinate Clause/Dependent Clause
❖ (a.) Principal Clause (प्रधान उपवाक्य):→ The clause which expresses full meaning without relying on any other clause is called
principal clause.
✤ A clause does not dependent any other clause and
give a complete meaning is called principal clause.
✤ वह Clause जो किसी अन्य Clause पर निर्भर हुए बिना पूर्ण अर्थ व्यक्त/प्रकट करता हैं, वह Principal Clause कहलाता हैं।
Example:→ “I saw a man who was blind” (मैंने एक आदमी को देखा जो अंधा था) में ‘I saw a man’ (मैंने एक आदमी को देखा) एक Principal Clause हैं।
❖ (b.) Subordinate Clause (गौण उपवाक्य):→ The clause which depends on the
principal clause or other clause for the completion of its meaning is called
subordinate clause.
✤
That clause dependent on principal clause or any other for complete
own meaning is called subordinate clause
✤ वह Clause जो अपने अर्थ के पूर्णता के लिए Principal Clause या अन्य Clause पर आश्रित रहता हैं, Subordinate Clause कहलाता हैं।
Example:→ I saw a man who was blind (मैंने एक आदमी को देखा जो अंधा था) में who was blind (जो अंधा था) एक Subordinate Clause हैं।
❍ Note:→ चूँकि Principal Clause पूर्ण अर्थ व्यक्त करता है इसलिए इसका प्रयोग स्वतंत्र वाक्य के रूप में भी हो सकता है। जैसे— “I saw a man” एक स्वतंत्र वाक्य भी है।
❍ Note:→ निम्नलिखित Conjunctions से शुरू होनेवाले Clause Subordinate Clause होते हैं।—
as how till, untill
as
if if unless
as
through
lest
who
as much
as provided that which
after since whom
according
as so whether
as soon
as so that while
although that when
before than where
because though what
❒
How many types of the
Subordinate Clause ?
✤
There are three types of the
Subordinate Clause.
(1.) Noun Clause (संज्ञा खंड)
(2.) Adjective Clause (विशेषण खंड)
(3.) Adverb Clause (क्रिया-विशेषण खंड)
❖ (1.) Noun Clause:→ A clause
who works as a noun is called noun clause.
✤ वैसा Clause जो Noun की तरह कार्य करता हैं, वह Noun Clause कहलाता हैं।
Example:→
I know Ram.
She knows Sita.
I know the man.
❖ (2.) Adjective Clause:→ A clause who works as an adjective is called adjective clause.
✤ वैसा Clause जो Adjective की तरह कार्य करता हैं, वह Adjective Clause कहलाता हैं।
Example:→ The boy who is playing there is my friend.
➥ यहाँ Main Clause “The boy is my friend” हैं तथा Subordinate Clause
“Who is playing there” है। स्पस्टतः “who is playing
there” Adjective Clause है क्योंकि यह boy को qualify कर रहा है।
❍ इसके अन्य उदाहरण इस प्रकार है—
This is
the pen that I bought yesterday.
This is
the man whom we all love.
The
place where he lives is unknown.
The dog
that barks does not bite.
➥ ऊपर के इन वाक्यों में Adjective
Clauses क्रमश:
pen, man, place तथा dog को qualify कर रहे हैं।
❍ Note:→ चूँकि Adjective Clause Relative Pronouns (who, whom, whose, which and
that) या Relative Adverbs (what, when, where and why) से शुरू होते हैं, इसलिए इन्हें Relative Clauses भी कहते हैं।
❖ Relative
Clause:→ The subordinate clause which
qualifies its previous incoming noun or pronoun is called relative clause.
✤ जो Subordinate Clause अपने पूर्व आनेवाले Noun या Pronoun को qualify करता है, वह Relative Clause कहलाता हैं।
❖ (3.) Adverb Clause:→ A clause who works as an
adverb is called adverb clause.
✤ वैसा Clause जो Adverb की तरह कार्य करता हैं, वह Adverb Clause कहलाता हैं।
Example:→ I shall stay here.
I shall stay where I am.
❒
Types of Adverb Clause→
✤ There are different types
of adverb clause.
(1.) Adverb Clauses of Time or Time Clauses (समय के क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
(2.) Adverb Clauses of Place (स्थान के क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
(3.) Adverb Clauses of Purpose (उद्देश्य का क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
(4.) Adverb Clauses of Reason or Cause (कारण या कारण का क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
(5.) Adverb Clauses of Condition (स्थिति के क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
(6.) Adverb Clauses of Result or Effect (परिणाम या प्रभाव का क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
(7.) Adverb Clauses of Comparison (तुलना के क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
(8.) Adverb Clauses of Manner (ढंग का क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
(9.) Adverb Clauses of Constrast (विरोध का क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
(10.) Adverb Clauses of Proportion (नीतिवचन के क्रियाविशेषण खंड)
❖ (1.) Adverb Clauses of Time:→ Adverb clauses of tme is a sense of time.
✤ Adverb Clauses of Time से समय का बोध होता है।
Example:→
I met him when I was in London.
He came in when I was sleeping.
I went to home after I had finished the work.
Make hay while the sun shines.
Wait here as long as you can.
I shall go when he comes.
You should wait till he returns.
Do it before you forget.
As soon as I heard the news, I wrote to him.
When the cat is away, the mice will play.
❖ (2.) Adverb Clauses of Place:→ Adverb clauses of place is
a sense of place.
✤ Adverb Clauses of Place से स्थान का बोध होता हैं।
Example:→
You can go wherever you like.
We must stay where we are.
I will live where you live.
He walked where there was peace.
❖ (3.) Adverb Clauses of Purpose:→ Adverb clauses of purpose
indicates the purpose of a business.
✤ Adverb Clauses of Purpose से किसी कार्य-व्यापार के उद्देश्य का बोध होता है।
Example:→
We eat that we may live.
Walk first lest you should miss the train.
Misers save in order that they may grow rich.
He drew his sword that he might defend himself.
He works hard so that he may pass the examination.
❖ (4.) Adverb Clauses of Reason/Cause:→ Adverb clause of reason or
cause gives a sense of what is the reason for the business described in
principal clause.
✤ Adverb Clauses of Reason or Cause से यह बोध होता है कि
Principal Clause में जिस कार्य-व्यापार का वर्णन हैं, उसका कारण क्या है।
Example:→
I am glad that you have come.
As you are over fourteen, you will have to pay full fare.
I did it because I wanted to.
Because I like you, I shall help you.
Since you have no money, you cannot enjoy your life.
Since the man was ill, he could not come.
My father was glad that I passed the examination.
Since you say so I believe it.
As he was not there, I spoke to his wife.
❖ (5.) Adverb Clauses of Condition:→ The reason that causes a condition is known as
adverb clauses of condition.
✤ कुछ वाक्य ऐसे होते हैं जिनके एक भाग से शर्त (condition) तथा दूसरे भाग से परिणाम का बोध होता है। जिस Clause से शर्त का बोध होता हैं, उसे Adverb Clauses of Condition कहते हैं।
Example:→
If a student does wrong at
Netarhat School, he is punished by senior students.
Unless you work hard, you cannot get good marks.
Write to me in case you need money.
A servant has to work whether he likes it
or not.
Had he gone to Agra, he would have seen the
Tajmahal.
You may stay here so long as you behave
well.
Should it rain there will be no meeting.
If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
❖ (6.) Adverb Clauses of Result
or Effect:→ The clause expressing the work or situation described in
principal clause which gives the result is called adverb clauses of result or
effect.
✤ Principal Clause में वर्णित कार्य-व्यापार या स्थिति जो फल या परिणाम देती है, उसे व्यक्त करनेवाले Clause को Adverb Clauses of Result or Effect कहते हैं।
Example:→
He worked so hard that he won the prize.
He is so poor that he cannot buy all the books.
The box is so heavy that I cannot lift it.
The class was so noisy that nothing could be heard.
He is spoke in such a way that I understood him.
He is such a good boy that all love him.
So good a teacher is he that all respect him.
So cold was it that many died.
She is so beautiful that she attracts everybody.
❖ (7.) Adverb Clauses of Comparison:→ A clause that are used to
show comparison are called adverb clauses of comparison.
✤ एक ऐसे Clause जिनका प्रयोग तुलना दिखाने के लिए किया जाता हैं, तो उन्हें Adverb Clauses Of
Comparison कहते हैं।
Example:→
Ram is as rich as Shyam (is).
She is older than she looks.
I love him as much as you do.
It is as long as it is broad.
I eat as much as you do.
This is as black as that (is).
You must work harder than he does.
He is not as rich as we think.
❖ (8.) Adverb Clauses of Manner:→ One such clause which expresses the manner of the business being
described in principal clause is called adverb clauses of manner.
✤ एक ऐसा Clause जो Principal Clause में वर्णित कार्य-व्यापार के होने के manner
(तरीका, ढंग) को व्यक्त करते हैं, उन्हें Adverb Clauses of
Manner कहते हैं।
Example:→
He talked as if he were mad.
You will reap as you sow.
Do as you please.
It all ended as I excepted.
He behaves as if he were my boss.
He answered the question as he was taught.
You may do as you like.
You should do as I tell you.
Leave it as it is.
❖ (9.) Adverb Clauses of Constrast:→ The clauses which explain the opposition in principal clause are
called adverb clauses of constrast.
✤ वैसे Clause जो Principal Clause में विरोध का बोध कराते हैं, उन्हें Adverb Clauses of
Constrast कहते हैं।
Example:→
Though he is a poor, he is honest.
Even if they oppose me, I must try.
However hard he may work, he cannot stand first.
I will buy the book whatever it costs.
❖ (10.) Adverb Clauses of
Proportion:→
Example:→
The higher we go, the cooler it is.
The more he has, the more he wants.
The more we eat, the fatter we become.
✺ Simple, Compound and Complex Sentence
❖ (1.) Simple Sentence:→ A sentence that has only one subject and a finite verb is called
a simple sentence.
✤ जिस वाक्य में सिर्फ एक Finite Verb हो, वह Simple Sentence (साधारण या सरल वाक्य) कहलाता हैं।
Example:→
(a) He is a boy.
(b) Ram reads a book.
(c) I went to Patna yesterday.
(d) It is very cold today.
(e) Do it carefully.
❖ (2.) Compound Sentence:→ A sentence which is made up of two or more independent clauses is
called a compound sentence.
✤ वह वाक्य जो दो या दो से अधिक
Independent Clauses से बना होता हैं, Compound Sentence (मिश्रित या संयुक्त वाक्य) कहलाता हैं।
Example:→
(a) Mohan was singing and Radha was dancing.
➥ उपरोक्त वाक्यों में ‘Mohan was singing और Radha was dancing’ दोनों Independent Clauses है।
(b) The night was dark and we did not know the
way.
➥ उपरोक्त वाक्यों में ‘The night was dark और We did not know the way’ दोनों Independent
Clauses है।
(c) He lifted the gun, took aim and fired.
➥ उपरोक्त वाक्यों में ‘He lifted the gun, He took aim और He fired’ तीनों Independent Clauses है।
❖ (3.) Complex Sentence:→ A sentence containing a principal clause and one or more subordinate
clauses is called a complex sentence.
✤ जिस वाक्य में एक Principal Clause और एक या एक से अधिक Subordinate Clauses हो, उसे Complex Sentence (जटिल वाक्य) कहते हैं।
Example:→
(a) I no that he is a good man.
➥ उपरोक्त वाक्यों में ‘I know’ Principal
Clause और ‘That he is a good
man.’ Subordinate Clause हैं।
(b) If he comes to me I shall help him.
➥ उपरोक्त वाक्यों में ‘If he comes to me’
Subordinate Clause और ‘I shall help him.’
Principal Clause हैं।
(c) When I asked him he told me that he would
not help me.
➥ उपरोक्त वाक्यों में ‘He told me’
Principal Clause और ‘When I asked him एवं That he would not help me’ ये दोनों Subordinate Clauses है।
❖ (4.) Mixed Sentence or Compound Complex Sentence:→ A sentence containing two or more
principal plause and one or more subordinate Clauses is called a mixed sentence
or compound complex sentence.
✤ जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक Principal Clause तथा एक या एक से अधिक Subordinate Clauses हो, उसे Mixed Sentence या Compound Complex
Sentence (मिश्रित जटिल वाक्य) कहते हैं।
Example:→
(a) When the baby was kidnapped her father was sleeping and the
mother was cooking.
➥ उपरोक्त वाक्यों में दिया गया ‘Her father was sleeping और The mother was cooking’ two Principal Clauses तथा ‘When the baby was kidnapped’
Subordinate Clause हैं।
The End
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