ch15 ( Degrees of Comparison )

❀ Chapter 15:➾ Degree of Comparison ❀

✺ What is the Degree of Comparison ?

✤ The degree of comparison is an important part of modern grammar which is used to compare or equate between two or more persons or objects.

✤ When adjectives and adverbs change in from to show comparison, it is called degree of comparison.

✤ In the english language there are many adjectives & adverbs that change their appearance to show their comparison and we get three forms of each, which are called three degrees of comparison.

✤ Degree of Comparison आधुनिक Grammar का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा हैं जिसका प्रयोग दो या दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं के बीच तुलना या सदृश्यता का बोध कराने के लिए होता है।

✤ जब Adjective या Adverb Degree of Comparison कहते हैं।

✤ अँग्रेजी भाषा में अनेक ऐसे Adjectives और Adverbs है जो अपना तुलना दिखाने के लिए अपना रूप बदल लेते हैं और हमें प्रत्येक के तीन रूप प्राप्त होते हैं, जिन्हें Three Degrees of Comparison कहते हैं।

✺ How many types of Degrees of Comparison ?

✤ There are three types of Degrees of Comparison.

(a) Positive Degree (सकारात्मक/रूपक परिणाम)

(b) Comparative Degree (तुलनात्मक/रुप्य परिणाम)

❖ (1.) Positive Degree:→ When an adjective or adverb is in its simple form, it is said to be in the positive degree.

✤ जब कोई Adjective या अपने सरल रूप में रहता हैं, तब इसे Positive Degree में होना समझा जाता हैं।

Example:→ good, old, fat, big, sweet, strong, slowly, etc.

❍ इनका प्रयोग वाक्य के माध्यम से देखें—

Sita is a good girl.

He is an old man.

Ram is very fat.

I have a red car.

I saw a big car there.

My brother is strong.

He runs slowly.

She is tall.

❖ (2.) Comparative Degree:→ When an adjective or adverb is used to compare the qualities of two persons or things together, it is said to be in the comparative degree.

✤ जब Adjective या Adverb से दो व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं के गुणों की तुलना का बोध होता हैं, तब इसे Comparative Degree में होना समझा जाता है।

Example:→ better, older, bigger, stronger, more slowly, etc

❍ इनका प्रयोग वाक्य के माध्यम से देखें—

This pen is better than that pen.

This tree is older than that tree.

My is is bigger than his car.

He was stronger than his enemy.

He runs more slowly than Ram.

❖ (3.) Superlative Degree:→ When and adjective or adverb is used to compare the qualities of three or more than three persons or things together, it is said to be in the superlative degree.

✤ जब Adjective या Adverb से तीन या तीन से अधिक व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं (persons or things) की तुलना का बोध होता हैं, तब इसे Superlative Degree में होना समझा जाता है।

Example:→ best, oldest, biggest, strongest, most slowly, etc.

❍ इनका प्रयोग वाक्य के माध्यम से देखें—

Ram is the best boy in the class.

This is the oldest tree in my garden.

This room is the biggest of all.

He was the strongest man.

Of all the players Sonu ran most slowly.

✺ Degree के पहचान:→ Degree को पहचानने का तरीका निम्नवत है—

✤ यदि कोई वाक्य में as.......as/so........as प्रयुक्त होता हैं, तो वह Positive Degree को दर्शाता है।

Example:→

He is as good as Ram.

I am as tall as you.

He is not as good as Ram.

I am not as tall as you.

Sita is as beautiful as Geeta

✤ यदि किसी वाक्य में than का प्रयोग हुआ हो, तो वह Comparative Degree को दर्शाता है।

Example:→

Ram is not better than he.

Ran is better than he.

You are not taller than I.

Geeta is not more beautiful than Sita.

✤ यदि किसी वाक्य में as.......as/so........as तथा than दोनों का लोप हो, तो वह Superlative Degree को दर्शाता है।

Example:→

Lead is the heaviest of all metals.

Mumbai is the best city in India.

Akbar was one of the greatest emperors.

Ram is the best boy.

❒ Positive Degree से Comparative तथा Superlative बनाना

❀ एक syllable (शब्दांश) के अधिकांश adjectives/adverbs में er/r जोड़कर Comparative तथा est/st जोड़कर Superlative बनाते हैं। यह नियम कुछ दो syllables वाले adjectives के साथ भी लागू होता है। जैसे—

Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
small (छोटा)	smaller	smallest	sweet (मीठा)	sweeter	sweetest
tall (लम्बा)	taller	tallest	young (युवा)	youger	youngest
high (ऊँचा)	higher	highest	strong (मजबूत)	stronger	strongest
bright (चमकीला)	brighter	brightest	dark (अँधेरा)	darker	darkest
kind (दयालु)	kinder	kindest	poor (गरीब)	poorer	poorest
clever (चालाक)	cleverer	cleverest	bold (साहसी)	bolder	boldest
brave (बहादुर)	braver	bravest	fine (बहुत बढ़िया)	finer	finest
wise (बुद्धिमान)	wiser	wisest	white (उजला)	whiter	whitest
large (बड़ा)	larger	largest	fast (तीव्रगामी)	faster	fastest
hard (कठोर)	harder	hardest	long (लम्बा)	longer	longest
soon (जल्दी)	sooner	soonest	late (हाल का)	later	latest
loud (तेज)	louder	loudest	near (नजदीक)	nearer	nearest
rich (धनी)	richer	richest	short (लघु)	shorter	shortest
weak (कमजोर)	weaker	weakest	true (सत्य)	truer	truest
able (योग्य)	abler	ablest

❀ यदि Positive degree के adjectives का अंत consonant + y से हो, तो y को i में बदलने के बाद er जोड़कर Comparative और est जोड़कर Superlative बनाते हैं। जैसे—

Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
happy (खुश)	happier	happiest	silly (बुद्धिहीन)	sillier	silliest
pretty (सुंदर)	prettier	prettiest	easy (आसान)	easier	easiest
wealthy (धनवान)	wealthier	wealthiest	heavy (भारी)	heavier	heaviest
holy (पवित्र)	holier	holiest	dry (सूखा)	drier	driest
merry (प्रसन्न)	merrier	merriest	healthy (स्वास्थ्य)	healthier	healthiest
gay (प्रसन्न)	gayer	gayest	grey ( धूसर भूरा)	greyer	greyest
dirty (गंदा)	dirtier	dirtiest	funny (मजेदार)	funnier	funniest

❀ ऐसे adverbs जिनके अंत ly से होते हैं, उनके Compa-rative और Superlative क्रमशः more और most लगाकर बनाए जाते हैं। जैसे—

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
swiftly (शीघ्रतापूर्वक)	more swiftly	most swiftly
beautifully (सुंदरतापूर्वक)	more beautifully	most beautifully
skillfully (दक्षतापूर्वक)	more skillfully	most skillfully
wisely (बुद्धिमत्तापूर्वक)	more wisely	most wisely
carefully (सावधानीपूर्वक)	more carefully	most carefully
frequently (अक्सर ही)	more frequently	most frequently
slowly (धीरे-धीरे)	more slowly	most slowly
nicely (अच्छी तरह से)	more nicely	most nicely
carelessly (असावधानी से)	more carelessly	most carelessly
deftly (कुशलतापूर्वक)	more deftly	most deftly
peacefully (शांतिपूर्वक)	more peacefully	most peacefully

❀ यदि Positive एक syllable का हो जिसके अंत में एक consonant और उसके पहले एक vowel हो, तो er/est लगाने से पहले अंतवाले consonant को double कर दिया जाता है। जैसे—

Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
red (लाल)	redder	reddest	big (बड़ा)	bigger	biggest
hot (गर्म)	hotter	hottest	fat (मोटा)	fatter	fattest
sad (उदास)	sadder	saddest	thin (पतला)	thinner	thinnest
wet (भींगा)	wetter	wettest	glad (प्रसन्न)	gladder	gladdest
top (श्रेष्ठ)	topper	toppest

❀ तीन या तीन से अधिक syllables वाले Adjectives को प्रायः more और most लगाकर क्रमशः Comparative और Superlative बनाते हैं। यह नियम कुछ दो syllables वाले Adjectives के लिए भी लागू होता है। जैसे—

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
beautiful (सुंदर)	more beautiful	most beautiful
dangerous (खतरनाक)	more dangerous	most dangerous
proper (उचित)	more proper	most proper
intelligent (तेज, प्रखर)	more intelligent	most intelligent
innocent (निर्दोष)	more innocent	most innocent
laborious (परिश्रमी)	more laborious	most laborious
learned (विद्वान)	more learned	most learned
useful (लाभदायक)	more useful	most useful
courageous (साहसी)	more courageous	most courageous
industrious (उधमी)	more industrious	most industrious
difficult (कठिन)	more difficult	most difficult
splendid (शानदार)	more splendid	most splendid
foolish (मूर्ख)	more foolish	most foolish
honest (ईमानदार)	more honest	most honest
wonderful (आश्चर्यजनक)	more wonderful	most wonderful
fearful (भयानक)	more fearful	most fearful
faithful (विश्वासी)	more faithful	most faithful
playful (प्रफुल्लचित्त)	more playful	most playful
surprising (चौंकाने वाला)	more surprising	most surprising
attractive (आकर्षक)	more attractive	most attractive
powerful (शक्तिशाली)	more powerful	most powerful
helpful (मददगार)	more helpful	most helpful
handsome (सुंदर)	more handsome	most handsome
costly (कीमती)	more costly	most costly
humorous (विनोदी)	more humorous	most humorous

❀ कुछ adjectives/adverbs ऐसे हैं, जिनके Comparative और Superlative में नए words आते हैं। ऐसे adjectives या adverbs के तीनों forms के अच्छी तरह याद कर लें। जैसे—

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
[adjectives]
good (अच्छा)	better	best
bad (बुरा)	worse	worst
much, many (अधिक)	more	most
little (थोड़ा)	less/lesser	least
late (हाल ही में)	later	latest
old (आयु में अधिक)	older/elder	oldest/eldest
far (दूर)	farther, further	farthest, firthest
[adverbs]
ill/badly (असभ्य/खराब)	worse	worst
well (संतोषजनक)	better	best
much (अधिक)	more	most
little (थोड़ा)	less	least
late (हाल का)	later	—
far (दूर)	farther, further	farthest, furthest

❀ Positive Degree को जोड़कर कोई Compound Adjective बना हो, तो First Adjective के ही और के रूपों द्वारा Compound Word का Comparative और Superlative बनता है। जैसे—

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
well-known (प्रसिद्ध)	better-known	best-known
hard-working (परिश्रमी)	harder-working	hardest-working
good-hearted (सहृदय)	better-hearted	best-hearted
dull-witted (मंद बुद्धि)	duller-witted	dullest-witted

❀ लेकिन कुछ अन्य ऐसे शब्दों में More और Most भी लगते हैं। जैसे—

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
old-fashioned (पुराने ढंग का)	more-old-fashioned	most-old-fashioned
good-natured (सुशील)	more-good-natured	most-good-natured

❀ बहुत सारे Adverbs तथा कुछ Adjectives ऐसे हैं, जिनका प्रयोग Comparative तथा Superlative Degree में नहीं होता है। जैसे— now, then, where, once, there, here, circular, round, square, right, wrong, etc.

❀ कुछ ऐसे Comparative है, जिन्हें Latin से लिया गया है। इनके Positive और Superlative Degree नहीं होते हैं। इनकी संख्या 12 है। इन शब्दों का अंत or से होता है। जैसे— interior, exterior, ulterior, major, minor, inferior, superior, prior, anterior, posterior, senior, junior.

(a) इनमें से प्रथम पाँच का प्रयोग अब Comparative meaning के लिए नहीं होता है। इनका प्रयोग अब Positive Adjective की ही तरह होता हैं। जैसे—

It is a major operation.

It is a matter of minor importance.

The interior wall of this house is made of wood.

The exterior wall of this house is made of brick.

He had ulterior motives in helping her.

(b) अंतिम सात का प्रयोग Comparative Adjective की तरह होता हैं, परंतु than के बदले to का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे—

Geeta is inferior to Sita in beauty.

This chair is superior to that.

This event took place prior to that accident.

He is senior to me.

All his colleagues are junior to him.

I am senior to all my colleagues.

❀ कुछ ऐसे English Comparatives हैं, जिनका प्रयोग अब Comparative meaning के लिए नहीं होता हैं। अब ये Positive Adjective की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं। जैसे— former, latter, elder, upper, neither, inner, outer, utter, etc.

He is my elder brother.

That woman was an utter fool.

The outer wall of this building is very strong.

A lips in the inner room.

She is my former landlady.

Interchange of Degree of Comparison

हम यहाँ वाक्य के अर्थ/भाव में कोई परिवर्तन किए बिना वाक्य में प्रयुक्त adjectives के Degrees में परिवर्तन करेंगे। पहले Positive और Comparative के interchanging पर विचार करेंगे। उसके बाद Positive, Comparative और Superlative के interchanging पर विचार करेंगे।

Interchange of Positive and Comparative

A. कुछ वाक्यों में Positive Degree के Adjectives को as.......as या so......as के बीच में रखा जाता है। जैसे— He is as good as Ram. He is not as good as Ram. Sita is not so beautiful as Geeta. ऐसे वाक्यों के Adjectives को Comparative में बदलने के लिए निम्नलिखित नियमों की सहायता लें—

1. as.......as या so.......as को हटा दें।

2. Adjectives को Comparative degree का रूप दें।

3. यदि वाक्य Affirmative हो, तो उसे Negative बना दें और यदि वाक्य Negative हो, तो उसे Affirmative बना दें।

4. वाक्य के दूसरे भाग को नए वाक्य में पहले लिखें तथा पहले भाग को अंत में।

5. Comparative के बाद than का प्रयोग करें।

Positive	Comparative
He is as good as Ram.	Ram is not better than he.
He is not as good as Ram.	Ram is better than he.
I am as tell as you.	You are not taller than I.
I am not as tell as you.	You are taller than I.
Sita is as beautiful as Geeta.	Geeta is not more beautiful than Sita.
She is not as good Meena.	Meena is better than she.

B. इसी प्रकार ऐसे वाक्यों के Comparative degree को Positive degree में बदलने के लिए इन नियमों की सहायता लें।

1. Comparative degree के Adjective को Positive degree में बदलें।

2. Adjective को दो as (as.......as) के बीच में रखें।

3. Adjective के बाद प्रयुक्त than को हटा दें।

4. यदि वाक्य Affirmative हो, तो उसे Negative बना दें और यदि वाक्य Negative हो, तो उसे Affirmative बना दें

5. वाक्य के दूसरे भाग को नए वाक्य में पहले रखें और पहले भाग को अंत में।

Positive	Comparative
You are duller than Mohan.	Mohan is not as dull as you.
You are not duller than Mohan.	Mohan is as dull as you.
Sita is more intelligent than I.	I am not intelligent as Sita.
Sita is not more active than you.	You are as active as Sita.
He is better than you.	You are not as good as he.
You are not taller than Mohan.	Mohan is as tall as you.

कुछ Adverbs के degrees में परिवर्तन को देखें—

(a) A dog runs faster than a cat. Comparative

A cat does not run as fast as a dog. Postive

(b) He does not read more carefully than I do. Comparative

I read as carefully as he does. Postive

You do not know him better than I do. Comparative

The End

❀❀❀❀✺❀❀❀❀✺❀❀❀❀✺❀❀❀❀✺❀❀❀❀✺❀❀❀❀✺❀❀❀❀✺❀❀❀❀✺❀❀